SUZUKI, Shinichi

ISSN：01650327

Outline：© 2016 Elsevier B.V.Background Depression is characterized by negative self-cognition. Our previous study (Yoshimura et al. 2014) revealed changes in brain activity after cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression, but changes in functional connectivity were not assessed. Method This study included 29 depressive patients and 15 healthy control participants. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging was used to investigate possible CBT-related functional connectivity changes associated with negative emotional self-referential processing. Depressed and healthy participants (overlapping with our previous study, Yoshimura et al. 2014) were included. We defined a seed region (medial prefrontal cortex) and coupled region (ACC) based on our previous study, and we examined changes in MPFC-ACC functional connectivity from pretreatment to posttreatment. Results CBT was associated with reduced functional connectivity between the MPFC and ACC. Symptom change with CBT was positively correlated with change in MPFC-ACC functional connectivity. Limitations Patients received pharmacotherapy including antidepressant. The present sample size was quite small and more study is needed. Statistical threshold in fMRI analysis was relatively liberal. Conclusions CBT for depression may disrupt MPFC-ACC connectivity, with associated improvements in depressive symptoms and dysfunctional cognition.

ISSN：16972600

Outline：© 2016 Asociación Española de Psicología ConductualObjective: Many patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators experience depressive symptoms. In addition, avoidance behavior is a common problem among patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. We examined the association between avoidance behaviors and depressive symptoms in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Method: We conducted a single-center, cross-sectional study with self-completed questionnaires between May 2010 and March 2011. We measured avoidance behaviors (avoidance of places, avoidance of objects, and avoidance of situations) and depressive symptoms (using the Beck Depression Inventory, Version II) in 119 participants. An avoidance behaviors instrument was developed for this study and we confirmed its internal consistency reliability. Results: Ninety-two (77.3%) patients were aged older than 50 years, and 86 (72.3%) were men. Fifty-one (42.9%) patients reported “avoidance of places”, 34 (28.6%) reported “avoidance of objects”, and 63 (52.9%) reported “avoidance of activity”. Avoidance behavior was associated with increased odds for the presence of depressive symptoms (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.06–1.62). Conclusions: This was the first study to identify the relationship between avoidance behavior and depressive symptoms among patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators; however, there are a few methodological limitations.

Outline：

Effects of brooding, a negative component of cognitive information processing during rumination, and possible effects of depressive symptoms on verbal working memory capacity were investigated. Healthy undergraduate and graduate students (N=37) participated in a test for assessing reading span and recall, and also completed the Japanese version of the Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS), the Japanese version of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Stanford Sleepiness Scale. Results of t-tests conducted on recall and reading span scores with high and low brooding as independent variables indicated no significant differences. Moreover, an analysis of variance on recall and reading span scores, with high and low brooding and high and low depressive symptoms as independent variables also indicated no significant differences. These results suggest that characteristics of verbal working memory capacity are not impaired by brooding and rather that brooding might cause impairments of visuospatial working memory capacity.

ISSN：03850307

Outline：Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictive power of rejection sensitivity with respect to change in depressive symptoms in outpatients with atypical or other types of depression. Method : Twenty-seven depression patients completed the questionnaire assessing their rejection sensitivity and depressive symptoms twice at 6-month intervals. Results : The results indicated that rejection sensitivity was not only related to simultaneous depressive symptoms, but also led to an increase in depressive symptoms 6 months later. Simultaneous depressive symptoms were related to all factors associated with rejection sensitivity except "unassertive interpersonal behavior due to fear of hurting others." In contrast, increases in depressive symptoms were related to "unassertive interpersonal behavior due to fear of hurting others" as well as "obsequence to others." Conclusion : These results suggest that depressive symptoms at a given point in time are linked to an individual's cognition, implying that the fear of being rejected by others is present, while changes in depressive symptoms are predicted by whether an individual takes specific actions or countermeasures to avoid being rejected.

ISSN：03850307

Outline：Background : Effective communication between cancer patients and their doctors is important in alleviating patients' physical and psychological burdens. Hence, there is a growing need to encourage an improvement in patientdoctor communication. Cancer outpatients often hesitate to speak with their doctors even when they have necessary information to provide or questions to ask. This study examines the relationships between patients' hesitation in speaking with their doctors and their communication behaviors. Subjects & Method : The participants were 51 individuals (21 male and 31 female, mean age 62.08±11.38 years) undergoing outpatient treatment with complementary and alternative medicine. They were asked to recall the most recent consultation with their primary doctor, and then completed questionnaires measuring the degree of their hesitation in that particular social exchange. The factors influencing patients' hesitation were analyzed using the maximum likelihood estimation. Subsequently, the relationship between patient characteristics and hesitation was examined using Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results : The results revealed that indecision regarding the topic of discussion, and the decision to forsake their doctors, are among the prime factors influencing patients' hesitance to engage in effective communication with their primary doctors. A marginally significant difference with respect to age, stage of disease, employment, and recurrence status was observed. In particular, patients with recurrence were more likely to exhibit hesitance in communication compared to patients without recurrence (p=0.05). In addition, patients under 50 years of age were more likely to be indecisive about the topics of discussion, compared to patients in their 60 s (p=0.08). Similarly, patients at stages I-III were more likely to be indecisive than were patients at stage IV (p=0.08). In addition, employed patients were more likely to forsake their doctors than were unemployed patients (p=0.08). However, hesitation did not significantly differ by sex, cancer type, treatment, ECOG performance status, presence or absence of metastasis, residential conditions, or disease duration. Conclusion : To encourage better patient-doctor communication, it is necessary to alleviate patients' hesitation to talk to their primary doctors. Communication skill training programs for patients targeting both the alleviation of patients' hesitation and the amelioration of patients' communication skills may be necessary.

Outline：© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by strong fear and anxiety during social interactions. Although ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) activity in response to emotional stimuli is related to pathological anxiety, little is known about the relationship between VLPFC activity and social anxiety. This study aimed to investigate whether VLPFC activity was involved in SAD and whether VLPFC activity was related to the level of social anxiety. Twenty-four drug-naïve patients with SAD and 35 healthy controls underwent near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) scanning while performing a verbal fluency task (VFT). Results indicated that, compared to the healthy controls, the SAD patients exhibited smaller changes of oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) concentrations in the VLPFC during the VFT. Furthermore, the right VLPFC activation was negatively correlated with social avoidance. In contrast to the latter, the healthy controls exhibited a positive correlation between changes of oxy-Hb concentrations in the bilateral VLPFC and social fear. Our findings provide evidence for VLPFC dysfunction in SAD, and indicate that the VLPFC dysfunction may contribute to the difference between normal and abnormal social anxiety.

ISSN：09106529

Outline：The present study aimed to investigate differences between factors related to post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and social disability in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. Female patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (N=41) who visited the clinic mainly in the wake of an experience with domestic violence (DV) completed the Event Check List (ECL), the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDISS), the Cognitive Appraisal Rating Scale (CARS), the Negative Appraisal for Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms (NAP), and the Tri-Axial Coping Scale-24 (TAC). A partial correlation analysis, performed to determine whether symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder were related to social disability, revealed a weak correlation between their scores on the Impact of Event Scale-Revised and the SDISS. Moreover, hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that the appraisal of threat, negative prediction and implications relating to post-traumatic stress symptoms, and avoidance-like thinking positively influenced post-traumatic stress symptoms. However, appraisal of threat and becoming resigned positively influenced social disability, and negatively influenced positive interpretation and evading one's responsibility. These results suggest that even if the post-traumatic stress disorder condition improves, the degree of social disability may not. Furthermore, the relationship between cognitive behavioral variables and post-traumatic stress symptoms is different from the relationship between cognitive behavioral variables and social disability. Therefore, in addition to conventional treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder, such as cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), an intervention may be required that positively influences social disability.

ISSN：09106529

Outline：The aims of the present study were to compare symptoms and attentional bias of patients with generalized social anxiety disorder (GSAD) to those of patients with non-generalized social anxiety disorder (NGSAD), and of patients with high perceived physiological arousal social anxiety disorder to those of patients with low perceived physiological arousal social anxiety disorder. Participants (n=16) with social anxiety disorder and control participants without social anxiety disorder (NC; n=6) were asked to fill out questionnaires and to perform a modified dot-probe task in which they were presented with negative and positive evaluation words, body-sensation words in 2 separate exposures that involved automatic and strategic processing. ANOVAs of the attentional bias scores, with subtype (GSAD vs. NGSAD vs. NC) and perceived physiological arousal (high vs. low vs. NC) as independent variables, revealed no significant differences. However, t-tests comparing attentional bias scores with 0 indicated that whereas participants with non-generalized social anxiety disorder were vigilant while performing automatic processing with positive evaluation words, patients with high perceived physiological arousal and social anxiety disorder tended to pay more attention to the body-sensation words on the tasks requiring strategic processing. The significance of assessing social anxiety disorder subtypes and possibly appropriate interventions for each subtype were discussed.

ISSN：1341-6790

Outline：Effective communication between cancer patients and their primary doctors is important in alleviating patients' physical and psychological burdens. However, cancer outpatients often hesitate to speak with their doctors even when they have something to say or questions to ask. This study examines the relationships between patients' hesitance to communicate with their primary doctors and patients' communication behaviors during their medical interviews. The participants were 51 individuals undergoing outpatient treatment in the form of complementary and alternative medicine. They were asked to recall the most recent consultation with their primary doctor, and then completed questionnaires about the degree of their hesitation, their communication behaviors, and their degree of satisfaction with that particular social exchange. In order to examine the relationships between patients' communication behaviors, satisfaction, and hesitation, partial correlation coefficients controlling for patients' age, cancer type, and employment condition were calculated. The results revealed that patients' hesitation was related to some of their communication behaviors: presenting information, asking questions, stating preferences, and checking information. Hesitation is an obstructive factor in the effective communication of patients. Therefore, it is necessary for primary doctors to recognize this hesitation, and to address it by actively engaging in communication with their patients.

ISSN：2188-7578

Outline：This study explored the relationship between the neutral and negative interpretation, and explored the influence of the positive, neutral, and negative interpretations in ambiguous events for SAD patients. In this study, 50 SAD patients completed (1) the Japanese version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (Asakura et al., 2002); (2) the interpretation measure of ambiguous events. The results of correlation analysis revealed that the negative interpretation did not relate to neutral interpretation but positive interpretation (r=-.48, p<.001) in social events. The regression analysis revealed that the influence of negative interpretation in social events predicted social anxiety symptoms (β=.34, p<.05). The results suggest that to benign negative interpretations of ambiguous events will be decrease social anxiety symptoms by increasing positive interpretation of them.

ISSN：09106529

Outline：The purpose of the present study was to examine generalization and maintenance effects of social skills training (SST) for a fifth-grade boy with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in a general education classroom. A social skills training program was developed that identifies target skills from a functional assessment, instructs matches for characteristics of autism spectrum disorder, and includes some homework on behavioral rehearsal. The social skills training consisted of 10 sessions, focusing on the following target skills: responding to initiations skills, entry skills, assertive skills, anger management skills, and problem-solving skills. The results were as follows: (a) The teacher's ratings of the boy's social skills improved, and (b) the frequency of his playing with peers after school increased. These results suggest that social skills training for this elementary school child with autism spectrum disorder improved his skills, and that the improvement generalized and was maintained. The discussion suggests that functional assessment of peer, teacher, and parent interactions is necessary for social skills training with individuals with autism spectrum disorder.

ISSN：03850307

Outline：Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Japanese women. As patients with breast cancer have a lower level of mental health than healthy individuals, it is most important that they have the support of their partners to adapt to everyday life. However, 3 years after diagnosis the mental health of partners of breast cancer patients is lower than that of the patients. Few studies have examined the difficulties partners may have after their wife has been diagnosed as breast cancer. The aims of this study on partners of breast cancer patients were to investigate (l) the percentage of partners who needed information and advice services, and sympathetic support, (2) difficulties in marital communication regarding the illness, and (3) the relationship between the characteristics and difficulties in marital communication about the illness. The partners completed self-administered questionnaires (n=368). The results showed more than one-half of the partners needed support on information services (67.1 %), advice services (63.9 %), and sympathetic support (56.5%). At the time of diagnosis 66.6% of the partners had trouble grasping what his wife wanted and what he could do for her. These difficulties declined over time, however, 10-30% of partners had continuing problems regarding marital communication about the illness. Difficulties in marital communication about the illness were shown to be associated with recurrence of breast cancer, use of anticancer drug therapy, and a partner's previous experience with cancer. It is therefore necessary to provide partners who have these characteristics with information regarding marital communication about breast cancer.

ISSN：03850307

Outline：The purpose of this study was to explore the factor structure of the Japanese version of Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure (J-IPSM). The J-IPSM assesses the tendency for being sensitive to rejection (interpersonal rejection sensitivity). This study comprised 301 undergraduate students who completed the J-IPSM. The J-IPSM included 27 items loading on 5 factors - "fear of breakup of a relationship", "unassertive interpersonal behavior due to fear of hurting others", "fear of criticism by others", "discrepancy between social self-image and true self-image", and "obsequence to others". The internal consistency of the scale and each subscale explored by the factor analysis were suffi-ciently high (α=0.78-0.91). Furthermore, among atypical depressive patients, the scores of J-IPSM correlated strongly with the score of the self-reported measures of depressive symptoms. The J-IPSM, therefore, may be highly valid and potential for clinical and research applications. Finally, differences in the results of original IPSM and J-IPSM were discussed from the viewpoint of culture.

ISSN：13456644

Outline：We developed and verified the reliability and validity of the simulated/standardized patient stress and stress reaction questionnaire (SPSSQ), which comprehensively measures the stress state of simulated/standardized patients(SP), who play an important role in practical medical education. An anonymous survey was conducted by postal mail on a total of 401 adult SP (response rate, 68.2%; valid response rate, 87.6%). A total of 43 items comprising a six-factor structure (varimax solution) were identifi ed as stressors, with an α reliability coeffi cient of 0.926, cumulativecontribution rate of 48.14%, correlation coeffi cient of 0.20-0.40 (p < 0.0001) with the Stress Response Scale-18 (SRS18; Suzuki et al 1997), a goodness-of-fi t index (GFI) of 0.873, an adjusted GFI (AGFI) of 0.845, and a root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) of 0.058. As for the stress response (Promax rotation), a total of 17 items under three factors were identifi ed, with an α reliability coeffi cient of 0.844, cumulative contribution rate of 42.99%, factor correlation matrices of 0.295–0.567 (p < 0.0001), correlation coeffi cient of 0.40–0.85 (p < 0.0001) with the SRS-18, GFI of 0.903, AGFI of 0.868, and an RMSEA of 0.071. Based on the above, even though some issues exist in regard to themodel's goodness of fi t, the applicability of the SPSSQ was confi rmed.

ISSN：0914-5087

Outline：BACKGROUND:Anxiety is often present in patients with depression. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of clustered depression and anxiety on mortality and rehospitalization in hospitalized patients with heart failure (HF).;METHODS:A total of 221 hospitalized patients with HF, who completed the questionnaires, were analyzed in this prospective study (mean age 62±13 years; 28% female). One-third patients had implanted cardiac devices. Depression was defined as a Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale index score of ≥60 and anxiety was defined as a State-Trait Anxiety Inventory score of ≥40 (male) or ≥42 (female). The primary outcome was the composite of death from any cause or rehospitalization due to worsened HF and refractory arrhythmia.;RESULTS:Of the 221 HF patients, 29 (13%) had depression alone, 80 (36%) had anxiety alone, and 46 patients (21%) had both depression and anxiety. During an average follow-up of 41±21 months, patients with depression alone and those with clustered depression and anxiety were at an increased risk of the primary outcome [hazard ratio (HR) 2.24, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17-4.28, p=0.01 and HR 2.75, 95% CI: 1.51-4.99, p=0.01, respectively] compared to patients with no symptoms. Multivariate analysis after adjusting for age, gender, New York Heart Association functional class, B-type natriuretic peptide, device implantation, renal dysfunction, and left ventricular dysfunction showed clustered depression and anxiety, but not depression alone or anxiety alone, was an independent predictor of the primary outcome (HR 1.96, 95% CI: 1.00-3.27, p=0.04).;CONCLUSIONS:Our results showed that clustered depression and anxiety were associated with worse outcomes in patients with HF.

ISSN：0917-3323

Outline：Effects of interpersonal rejection sensitivity and automatic thoughts relating to social phobia, trait anxiety, and depression, in university students in a teacher education course were investigated to determine if these effects differed between pre- and post-practicum students. We administered questionnaires to first year students (n=84; 37 boys and 47 girls) with no practicum experience (no practicum group) and to fourth year students (n=82; 51 boys and 31 girls) with a practicum experience (practicum group). The results showed that in the no practicum group, "Dependence on Evaluation by Others" and "Negative Expectations for the Future" significantly affected interpersonal rejection sensitivity and automatic thoughts related to social phobia, whereas "Negative Expectation for the Future" had a significant effect on these variables in the practicum group. In addition, "Negative Thoughts about the Self" significantly affected trait anxiety. Furthermore, "Fear of Relationship Failure" and "Unassertive Interpersonal Behavior significantly affected the "Fear of Hurting Others" in the no practicum group, whereas there was a significant effect of "Fear of Criticism by Others" on these variables in the practicum group. In both groups, there was a significant effect of "Negative Expectation for the Future" on depression, whereas in the no practicum group, there was a significant effect of "Positive Automatic Thoughts" on depression.

ISSN：1883-5619

Outline：The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of interpersonal rejection sensitivity on depressive symptoms and social anxiety symptoms in social anxiety disorder (SAD) patients. Eighty-one SAD patients completed the questionnaire assessing their rejection sensitivity, depressive symptoms, and social anxiety symptoms. The results indicated that rejection sensitivity led an increase in SAD symptoms through depressive symptoms. In rejection sensitivity, "discrepancy between social self-image and true self-image" and "obsequence to others" in particular are strongly related with depressive symptoms. These results suggest that rejection sensitivity as a possible cause of depressive symptoms in the course of SAD, and were discussed in terms of possibility of approach that focus on rejection sensitivity.

ISSN：09106529

Outline：The purpose of the present study was to develop and evaluate a self-report Anxious Depression Scale (ADS). The Anxious Depression Scale assesses symptoms of anxious depression, which is a depressive condition comorbid with anxiety disorders. The participants, 114 outpatients having any anxiety disorder with depression, 153 outpatients having any anxiety disorder without depression, 80 outpatients with major depression, and 97 undergraduate students, completed the Anxious Depression Scale and other clinical scales relating to depression and anxiety. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the Anxious Depression Scale, including 20 items, appropriately fell into 4 factors: "behavioral/emotional symptoms," "physical symptoms," "aggressive emotions (dynamic emotions) ," and "non-aggressive emotions (static emotions)." Internal consistency of the scale and each subscale was sufficiently high (α=0.74-0.87). The results of an analysis of variance showed that the patients with anxious depression had higher scores than the other participants on all subscales and also had a higher sum on the Anxious Depression Scale. Furthermore, the Anxious Depression Scale scores correlated moderately with other self-report measures of depression. The Anxious Depression Scale is able to measure specifically the severity of anxious depression. Differences in depressive symptoms of each type of anxious disorder were discussed.

ISSN：09106529

Outline：The purpose of the present study was to examine the correlation between perceived illness experiences and psychosocial adaptation in adolescent childhood cancer survivors. The participants, 21 youth (7 boys, 14 girls; average age 15.8 years, SD 2.1) who were cancer patients attending pediatric outpatient clinics, were asked to participate in a semi-structured interview and complete the Pediatric Quality of Life (QOL) Inventory. The results indicated that psychosocial daily difficulties influenced their illness perception. Although the results were not statistically significant, positive perception might correlate positively with QOL, and negative perception or a despairing attitude might correlate negatively with QOL. Future research should investigate those influences in a quantitative study.

ISSN：09106529

Outline：The purpose of the present study was to explore the effect of cognitive behavioral group therapy on depression, social functioning, and the difficulties that employees face when returning to work after sick leave taken to obtain treatment for depression. Participants (N=22) were diagnosed as having unipolar depressive disorder, and were on sick leave. The therapy consisted of 10 weekly 90-minute sessions of closed cognitive behavioral group therapy; the therapist, the therapist's assistant, and a supporter in the therapy were all psychologists. Before and after the treatment, the participants completed the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire-Revised (ATQ-R), the Tri-axial Coping Scale-24 (TAC), Kikuchi's Scale of Social Skills (KISS) , the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Social Adaptation Self-evaluation Scale (SASS), and the Difficulty in Returning to Work Inventory (DRW). The results revealed that depression and social functioning scores improved significantly after cognitive behavioral group therapy. On the other hand, the employees still had difficulties in returning to work. This suggests that it is necessary to develop and implement more components of treatment or change the timing of the treatment, in order to reduce difficulties employees face when returning to work.

ISSN：09106529

Outline：The present study examined effectiveness of combined cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBGT) and medication for patients with major depression. The cognitive behavioral group therapy program, which consisted of 12 structured sessions including psycho-education, self-monitoring, behavior activation, challenging and restructuring negative thinking, was conducted by clinical psychologists at Hiroshima University Hospital. At baseline, termination of treatment, and 12-month follow-up, patients (N-74) completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) , the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) , the Global Assessment of Functioning scale (GAF) , the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) , the Automatic Thought Questionnaire-Revised (ATQ-R) , and the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS). The post-treatment scores on the 4 measurement instruments were significantly lower after the treatment. In addition, the scores on the Global Assessment of Functioning scale and 36-item Short-Form Health Survey were significantly higher than the baseline scores. In other words, the patients improved on all measurements of psychosocial functioning and mood symptoms. Their improvement in depressive symptoms, psychosocial functioning, and dysfunctional cognitions were sustained at 12 months following the completion of the group-cognitive behavioral therapy.

ISSN：09106529

Outline：The present article reports effects of cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBGT) on adults with depression, using a controlled clinical trial. The cognitive behavioral group therapy consisted of 12 sessions developed by psychologists, consisting of Beck's cognitive therapy and problemsolving therapy. Participants (n=10) received this treatment from a psychologist, including pharmacotherapy (treatment as usual; TAU) combined with the cognitive behavioral group therapy program (TAU+CBGT group). The other participants (n=10) received only pharmacotherapy (TAU group). The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) which measures depression was completed by the participants at 3 times (pre-, mid-, and post) during the cognitive behavioral group therapy program. The results revealed that after the therapy, depression in the group receiving cognitive behavioral therapy with pharmacotherapy improved significantly more than in the treatment-as-usual group. These results suggest that for adults with depression, the administration of pharmacotherapy combined with cognitive behavioral group therapy managed by a psychologist may be more effective than treatment with pharmacotherapy only.

ISSN：03850307

Outline：Objectives : Experience of cancer has been linked to post-traumatic stress disorder for childhood cancer survivors. However, it is also an opportunity for personal growth (Jim & Jacobsen., 2008). Evaluating the long-term effects of cancer and its treatment, we have to investigate the impact of cancer in life domains. The purpose of this study was to explore the perception of the cancer experience in Japanese childhood cancer patients. Methods : Subjects were 25 childhood cancer patients attending the pediatric outpatient clinics (8 male and 17 female), median age at survey was 16.8 yrs (13.8-28.8 yrs), median age at diagnosis was 8.0 yrs (2.3-15.0 yrs). Approximately 18 patients had leukemia, 4 suffered from malignant lymphoma and 3 suffered from osteosarcoma, respectively. They were asked to participate in a semi-structured interview regarding the perception of the cancer experience. The data was analyzed with the content analysis, chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. Results: A total of 11 attributes were extracted. The attributes indicated by many of the participants were "having cancer brought my family closer together (n=14)", "I have met various people (n=12)", "cancer has been a precious experience of my life (n=11)", "I wonder why I got cancer (n=9)". Some attributes showed statistically significant differences among age at survey. Conclusion : This study identified the important components of the perceived cancer experience in Japanese childhood cancer patients. Most patients thought that good things have come out of having had cancer. In addition, older patients have more diversified views of cancer than younger patients because they have had many problems and benefits.

ISSN：13429558

ISSN：09106529

Outline：The purposes of the present study were to develop a Difficulties in Returning to Work Inventory (DRW) and to examine characteristics of the inventory. The inventory was developed based on a sample of 34 patients with unipolar depressive disorder. A total of 60 employees who were on sick leave because of unipolar depressive disorder completed the inventory. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the DRW was constituted of 10 items, centering on 3 factors. Cronbach's α coefficient was sufficiently high (α=.87), and the validity of the inventory was confirmed by content as well as concurrent validity. The results of the present study suggest that the DRW has high reliability and validity. The inventory was used to classify the 60 employees into 4 categories. The results considered the employees' difficulties in returning to work and suggested treatments that could be provided to them.

ISSN：09106529

Outline：The present study investigated whether a speaker's interpretation bias predicts effects of video feedback on that person's social anxiety. Undergraduate student participants (N=27) in the experiment made 2 speeches, receiving video feedback for the first speech. Subjective anxiety (visual analog scale), speech perception (Speech Perception Questionnaire; evaluation by oneself and others), and heart rate were measured. Interpretation bias was indicated by the standardized residual of scores by oneself and others. The results indicated that the quality of the speeches did not differ in relation to the degree of interpretation bias. On the other hand, the effects of the video feedback on subjective anxiety before and during the speeches differed in relation to the amount of interpretation bias. Participants' heart rate before the speeches was significantly lower before the second speech, regardless of the degree of interpretation bias. These results suggest that video feedback is more effective for those with high interpretation bias in self-evaluation of performance and subjective anxiety. Interpretation bias might be a factor determining effects of video feedback in alleviating social anxiety.

ISSN：0385-0684

Outline：:In recent years, quality of life(QOL) has received much attention as a subjective health outcome by which to measure and adopt patient treatment. Few studies, however, have examined how the QOL of cancer patients differs depending on treatment methods, or the effects of immunotherapy on patients' QOL. Thus, this study aimed to reveal: 1) the differences in QOL between patients treated with immunotherapy and other methods, and 2) whether the QOL of cancer patients treated with immunotherapy improves in accordance with the duration of immunotherapy. Thirty-nine cancer patients receiving immunotherapy who completed a Quality of Life Questionnaire for Cancer Patients Treated with Anti-Cancer Drugs(QOL-ACD) were the subjects for statistical analyses. The result indicated that patients treated with immunotherapy exhibited a higher physical conditions score than did patients receiving chemotherapy (p<0.01). Given that the side effects of immunotherapy are fewer than those of chemotherapy, the results suggested that the presence of side effects during cancer treatment plays an important role in determining patients' QOL.

ISSN：03850307

Outline：Depression is the commonest mental disease. In Japan, depression is not a rare disease and 5% of her people suffer it in their life. It is reported recently that among the causes of the suicide, 27.6% are by depression, and about 70% of the employees'suicide are considered due to depression. So our Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare is promoting preventive measures for depression as the core of suicide prevention. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for depression has been covered by national health insurance since April, 2010 in Japan. We showed in this study the trend of late years of the CBT for depression as well as its contents and points of application in practice.

ISSN：09106529

Outline：The purposes of the present study were to explore long-term effects of a diabetes camp on self-care behavior of Japanese children with type 1 diabetes, as well as relations between the children's self-care behavior and self-efficacy, and the duration of their diabetes. The participants, 20 children with type 1 diabetes, were asked to complete questionnaires at the beginning and end of a diabetes camp. In addition, a follow-up survey was administered 6 months after they left the camp. The results were as follows: (a) the participants' self-care behavior improved after attending the camp, but this effect was not maintained after several months. (b) participants who had had diabetes for a long duration showed less improvement in self-care behavior than those who had recently been diagnosed with diabetes. (c) participants with high self-efficacy exhibited a larger degree of improvement in self-care behavior than those with low self-efficacy. These findings suggest the importance of considering duration of diabetes and self-efficacy in improving self-care behavior of summer camp participants with type 1 diabetes.

ISSN：18824501

ISSN：09106529

Outline：The purposes of the present study were to develop an Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire for Child-Rearing (ATQ-CR) and to investigate the relationship between automatic thoughts and stress responses in mothers rearing young children. The results of exploratory and high- dimensional factor analysis of data from 324 mothers of preschool children supported the validity of 2 factors: a negative factor, which consisted of 29 items, and a positive factor, which consisted of 14 items. Cronbach's a coefficient was sufficiently high (negative factor: α=.90, positive factor: α=.76) , and scores on the negative factor of the Questionnaire correlated significantly with stress response scores (r=.23-.35). These data suggest that the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire for Child-Rearing has high reliability and validity. In order to investigate the relationship between automatic thoughts and stress responses, scores on the Questionnaire were compared across 3 groups based on their scores on a State of Mind questionnaire. The results of ANOVAs suggested that the Low Positive group had significantly lower stress response scores than the Neutral and Low Negative groups. The data suggest that a balance of negative and positive thinking is related to stress responses, and .that stress management of automatic thoughts would be helpful for mothers rearing young children.

ISSN：1346-9843

ISSN：0914-8337

Outline：The purpose of this study was to investigate the cognitive and behavioral changes through the recovery process of loss. Subjects were eight undergraduate students (mean age=21.88, SD=2.93) who had experienced personal significant loss. Semi-structured interviews were conducted. A modified grounded theory approach was conducted to analyze what they discussed about in their interview. In addition, subjects were requested to complete a set of questionnaires on the levels of grief, Japanese version of the Posttraumatic Cognitive Inventory (JPTCI), Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), and Tri-Axial Coping Scale (TAC-24). The results of this study suggested that increasing positive cognition and behavioral activation are important for the adaptive recovery process of loss.

Outline：The purposes of the present study were to verify the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) through a meta-analysis of data from recent research, and to deal with issues related to research on posttraumatic stress disorder. The results of the meta-analysis verified the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder and suggested further potential applications. Tasks set for the future include: (a) examination of intervention methods in relation to patients' symptom profiles and condition. (b) verification of the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy when used in combination with medical treatment. (c) identification and specification of treatment techniqus and factors that influence therapeutic gain, examination of the techniques' efficiency, and identification of appropriate intervention methods. and (d) examination of factors other than treatment techniques that are known to be effective.

ISSN：09106529

Outline：Although it is known that the impairment of social functioning, which is a significant aspect of depression, is distinct from depressive symptoms, whether there are any psychological factors that affect depressive symptoms and social functioning has not yet been investigated. The present study examines relations between psychosocial factors and depressive symptoms or social functioning. Patients (N-66) who had been diagnosed with unipolar major depressive disorder completed the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire-Revised (ATQ-R) , the Tri-Axial Coping Scale (TAC-24) , Kikuchi's Scale of Social Skills (18 items version; Kiss-18) , the Beck Depression Inventory-IT (BDI-II), and the Social Adaptation Self-evaluation Scale (SASS) . The results showed that "self-criticism" was related to depressive symptoms, whereas "positive thoughts" "positive thinking-distraction" and "social skills" were related to social adaptation. Overall, the results of the present study suggest that the evaluation of psychological factors affecting depression is just as important as the evaluation of the extent of impairment of social functioning.

ISSN：0147-8389